GV 435 
.fl55 
1893 
Copy 1 



GV 435 
.P55 
1893 
Copy 1 



AMHERST COLLEGE. 



AN 



Anthropometric Manual 

GIVING 

PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS AND TESTS 



MALE COLLEGE STUDENTS, 

' TaV 



AND THE 



METHOD OF SECURING THEM. " "" :.^ '^ j 



Prepared from the Records of the Department of Hygiene 

AND Physical Education in Amherst College, during 

THE years 1861-2 and 1892-3 inclusive. 



THII^ID EIDITIOI^T. 



BY DR. E. HITCHCOCK AND DR. H. H. SEEL YE. 



AMHERST, MASS. : 

PRESS OF CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE, * 
1893. 



In ^xcK 



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THE MANUAL. 



When the Department of Hygiene and Physical Education was 
established in Amherst College, one of the first matters attended to 
was the Physical measurement and tests of the students. The meth- 
ods were crude and simple in 1861 and 1862, for the word Anthropo- 
metry had hardly found its way into an American Dictionary at that 
time. 

A few simple tests and examinations were made then of every stu- 
dent in the College, and now, with enlargements and improvements 
made ever since, the last student on the books is number 2647, and 
the records are all preserved. 

A prominent thought in securing these measurements was to take 
them at least once each year, and thus enable the student to see his 
own growth. It was also hoped it would show the effect of the new 
system of Physical Culture upon the College. Besides there was to 
be presumed a generous rivalry between individuals and the different 
classes, to determine excellence and superiority. And in the mind 
of President Stearns — the father of the Department — there was a 
need to attend to the physical as well as to the intellectual and moral 
growth of the young men. And closely akin to this was the belief 
that with a more thorough attention to the physical man the many 
who were defective, and unable to do their best head work might be 
improved and made more efficient men now and hereafter. So that if 
the young man were weak from heredity or poor development, there 
should attention be given to find out where this weakness was, and 
ways might be devised to correct and eradicate the non-developement. 

All this meant the study of the student ; what his present condition 
might be ; what he brought with him from father and mother ; and what 
the average young man ought to be as he goes through college. 

To learn what is the condition of our young men as they come to 
us, and how, and in what way can we help them to grow while con- 
nected with us, is the ultimate aim of the Anthropometric work of > 



Amherst College. And the carrying out of this object involves the 
accurate observation of the physical characteristics of the students, 
and by a patient and long time process of comparing data, finally 
enables the Department to declare to them a standard by which they 
may be judged. And the main results of all this work has been the 
gathering of thousands of individual numerical records, and many 
aggregations, compilations, and reductions of these in more or less 
perfect tables which have been brought to the public from time to 
time, and are now in constant use. 

Every student very naturally enquires, how much should I measure, 
what is the lung capacity I ought to have, what are the powers of 
muscle which I ought to possess to be a man of promise now, and of 
vigor bye and bye. 

To answer these questions he must be referred to some ideal stand- 
ard, or at least to some recognized method of comparison. 

The results of this work at Amherst have been put together in dif- 
ferent ways ; that of the Average College Student, the Class study, 
the arrangement by the Age of the individuals, the doctrine of 
Means, of Percentages, the student 21 years old, and the Stature or 
Height of the individual. And as in most of these tables more than 
a thousand different individuals are compared it does seem possible 
to give some statements and principles to the class of young men 
with which they have to do that may be relied upon and worked with. 

At Amherst College we have come to the conclusion that Stature 
or Bodily Height is the criteriori by which we may judge of the nor- 
mal conditions of bodily measurements, or, the unit of comparison for 
the bodily outlines^ capacities^ and powers^ is the distance from the top 
of the head to the sole of the foot. 

With this idea in mind every young man who comes to Amherst Col- 
lege is most carefully and minutely examined in his essential bodily 
parts and powers by an Educated Physician and his exact record made 
out and furnished to him by the side of the average measures of 1322 
students between 17 and 26 years of age with which they may be 
compared at a glance. The student may not only thus see his own 
resemblance to or deviation from the men of his own height, but in 
the manual he will find the directions given him by the examining 
physician how to correct imperfect or abnormal deviations from the 
standard. And not only will he of himself and by himself be thus 
guided, but he may also have the constant oversight and watch of a 
Physician and a trained and experienced athlete on the Gymnasium 
floor and in the Athletic Field. 



( 



The first beginnings of this scheme were the eight items of age, 
weight, height, chest girth, arm girth, f6rearm girth, lung capacity 
and pull up, which though somewhat enlarged in number were taken 
from every student from 1861 to about 1880, when more elaborate 
and multiplied items were suggested by W. T. Brigham of Boston 
which were methodized and arranged by Dr. D. A. Sargent of Har- 
vard College and so first used here in 1882. 

In 1885 the American Association for the Advancement of Physi- 
cal Education at a meeting in Brooklyn appointed an Anthropometric 
Committee consisting of Dr. D. A. Sargent of Cambridge, Dr. E. 
Hitchcock of Amherst, and Dr. W. G. Anderson of Brooklyn to pro- 
pose a uniform method of taking and securing these statistics. At 
the meeting of the Association in 1886 this report was made, accepted 
and adopted by the Association, a copy of which is here inserted. 
And it is this method which is practicall}^ used at Amherst to-day, as 
the fundamental parts of it have been used for the past 31 years. 

DIRECTIONS FOR SECURING ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE 

HUMAN BODY AS ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR 

THE ADVANCEMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 

Number. — In order to secure privacy the individual should be 
entered in the record book by number. As a means of identification 
the number can be entered in an alphabetical index book opposite the 
corresponding name, as : 

Smith, John H., 526. 

For further convenience it is advisable to enter the name in a 
numerical index book opposite the corresponding number, as : 
526, John H. Smith. 

Date. — Record the year, month, day and hour, as : Jan., '8Q, 12, 
9 A. M. Where perfect accuracy is desired, note should be made 
of the time that has elapsed since eating, the occupation of previous 
hours, and of the temperature of the room. 

Age. — Record years and months, as: 21, 9, i. e. twenty-one 
years and nine months. 

Weight. — The weight of the body should be taken without clothes. 
Where this is impracticable the weight of the clothes should be 
deducted. 

Height. — The height should be taken without shoes and with the 
head uncovered. The head and figure should be held easily erect, 
and the heels together. This position is best secured by bringing' 



the heels, buttocks, the spine between the. shoulders and the back of 
the head in contact with the measuring rod. 

Height of Knee. — The subject should place one foot on a box or 
chair of such a height that the knee is bent at a right angle. A box 
about 1 2 inches high is suitable for adults. Press a ruler upwards with 
a force of about one pound against the ham string tendons close to 
the calf of the leg. See that the ruler is held in a position at right 
angles to the vertical rod, and measure the height of the top of the 
ruler from the box. 

Height Sitting. — Let the subject sit on a hard, flat surface about 
12 inches high, such as afforded by a box or chair, with the head and 
figure easily erect so that the measuring rod will touch the body at 
the buttocks, between the shoulders, and at the back of the head. 
Measure the distance from the box to the vertex. 

Height of Pubes. — With the subject standing easily erect on the 
box or floor, measure up to the upper edge of the pubic bone. 

Height of Crotch. — With the subject standing easily erect on the 
box or floor facing the vertical rod, press a ruler firmly against the 
perineum (crotch) and measure the height of the top of the ruler. 

Height of Navel. — With the figure and head of the subject erect^ 
measure the height of the centre of the cicatrix. 

Height of Sternum. — With the figure and head of the subject 
erect, measure the height of the interclavicular notch. 

Girth of Head. — This measurement should be taken around the 
head with the tape at the upper edge of the eye brows, over the supra 
orbital and occipital prominences. All girths should be made on the 
skin itself and at right angles to the axis of the body or limbs at the 
point of measurement. No oblique measurements are taken. 

Girth of Neck. — With the head of the subject erect, pass the 
tape around the neck half way between the head and body, or just 
below the "Adam's apple." 

Girth of Chest. — Pass the tape around the chest so that it shall 
embrace the scapulae and cover the nipple. The arms of the subject 
should be held in a horizontal position while the tape is being adjusted 
and then allowed to hang naturally at the sides. Take the girth 
here before and after inflation. 

Where it is desirable to test the elasticity or extreme mobility of 
the walls of the chest, a third measurement may be taken after the 
air has been forced out and the chest contracted to its greatest extent. 
To test the respiratory power, independent of muscular development, 





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The Anthropometric Card of Amherst College. 



The study of tlie physical condition of tlie students oC Anihcist College by means of the meas- 
urement of their bodies is carried on as a part of the work of the Department of Physical Education 
and Hygiene. Every man, save an occasionally imperfect one, is carefully examined and his record 
preserved in the booics of the Anthropometric Laboratory, until reliable results can be now secured 
from the large number of physical data at hand. 

The main result sought for in this study, is to learn what is the physical form, size and strength 
which each young man may expect to have, and how tliese conditions may be adjusted or perfected, 
so as to give him the greatest efficiency in life, now, and farther on. Id the absence of a record of the 
physical perfection of Adam or Eve, there seems to be no other way to obtain our pattern, model or 
standard, than to examine ami compare accurately and minutely a sufficiently large number of living 
men, so ns to form an idcn ol' wliot an- thr- pii'sent conditions of them, and then study how to make 
these conditions ince pcri'fel. And were the largest :iim I strongest meulihvays those of the greatest 
bodily and mental ellicieney we sliould have our model at once. Kut as these men are not always tlie 
ones who win in all the athletic races, or the longer race of life, and often the little fellow comes in 
ahead, we can find no arbitrary standard settled by mere size and strength. 

Tn all our sociological, mercantile and intellectual lines of labor in the world we expect, and do 
find an average, or mean, which helps us to draw our conclusions. We expect certain attainments, 

we mark the indiviilual as below par: but wlieu we lind more than the ordinary expectation we 
rejoice that we have got something better than usual. Tins average or 
seems to be the point which we must start from, not as a standard to be i 
as the base line from which we must begin to work. 

In the accompanyiug table are presented the results of the measurements < 
Amherst College secured within the past nine years. They are gj-ouped and arron; 
Height or Bodily Stature of the individual as the starting point. Thus, at the e; 
the lable are to be found " li.DO m.m." and '■ (;:i.O inches." This means that Ihe 
161)0 m.m. to 1G09 m.m. in their stature g.ave an average of all the other .i3 items 
top of the page on the same line with IGOO m.m. Also the other headings, 1610, : 
the eoUnnn are to be understood in tlie same way. So that when the man know 
readily find what should be the measure and tests of the various parts and powers < 
pared with all tlii'se student measures as tabulated here. 

The av.Tiige height of ;ill llie students of Amherst College for the past 30 years is 1725 m.n 
or r,7.:i inehi's. .A iid the average measures of all the physical data are those enclosed by the hea 



13-22 students of 
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reme upper left of 
leu who were from 

designated at the 
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above or below his average. 

the Anthropometric Laboratory 



the blank spaces at the liMttoni ..f the page. Tlieu to Hud out Ills rela- 

rage student, or to those of his own lieii^hi, witii peneil or pen, he would make a 

the space of his " Stature " measurement to the c 

nn ■' ; and so on through the whole series of the I 

average of his own hcigtr^lliowing him by the cui-ves whethe 

°This method of measiimspt record is the one made use of in the 
of Amherst College for the physic>f<xaminaMaU-Qtita-alU!.lents. This jvimimitinn ir enlind fnv tl» i «o 
times durinf the four years' cou)se, and the record kept in the lire proof safes of the Department to 
which the individual examined may have reasonable access so far as his own record is eoncerned. 
.\nd should he desire a more frequent examination the Department will readily grant it to him. 

This table and method however do not olfer to the young man an ideal or typical standard which 
he may try to reach as if he were passing a competitive examination. It often shows him that he prob- 
ably has not the powers and endowments which it is possible for him to have. He can sec the condi- 
tion of his fellows and with proper, well trained, and well directed cultivation of his capacities, may 
rise to higher attainments and possibilities of achievements in his physical, mental and spiritual life 

and yet not with the zeal and furor, and possible " " ^ "' '"" 

neither neglect one part of it, noi- give undue atti 

endangering the whole. While he is not a machine yet he is an organic uinti 
physical force but by a soul which has all power over both mind and matter. 
Practice of Anthropometry gives to the spiritua 



' the other parts of his nature without 
■g.anic unity which is not directed by 
And the Theory and 
I element of the individual a greater insight into the 






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iVn iVnttn^opoirietrlo »ttJLci:V^ of tlie StMdentjsi of iVn^xluefist Oollejg^ 



ConBtructed upon Bodily Stature as the Basis of eompai'ison, from measurements of 1322 students between 17 and 20 years of age. The blac.'' "gures represent millimeters, kilograms and 1 

First Edition, March, 1892; Second Edition, May, 16^3. 



! red, inches, pounds and cubic Inohoa. 





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pass the tape around the body below the pectoral line and the inferior 
angles of the scapulae, so that the upper edge shall be two inches 
below the nipples. Take the girth here before and after inflation. 

Girth of Waist. — The waist should be measured at the smallest 
part after a natural expiration. 

Girth of Hips. — The subject should stand erect with feet together. 
Pass the tape around the hips above the pubes over the trochanters 
and the glutei muscles. 

Girth of Thighs. — With the feet of the subject about six inches 
apart, the muscles set just enough to sustain the equilibrium of the 
body and the weight distributed equally to each leg in gluteal fold, 
measure around the thigh just below the nates. 

Girth of Knee. — With the knee of the subject straight and the 
weight of the body equally supported on both legs, measure over the 
centre of the patella. 

Girth of Calf. — With the heels down and the weight of the body 
supported equally on both feet, the tape should be placed around the 
largest part of the calf. 

Girth of Instep. — Measure around the instep at right angles with 
the top of the foot, passing a point at the bottom of the foot midway 
between the end of the great toe and back of the heel. 

Girth of Upper Arm. — With the arm of the subject bent hard at 
elbow, firmly contracting the biceps and held away from the body in 
a horizontal position, pass the tape around the greatest prominence. 
If desirable to find the girth of the upper arm when the biceps is not 
contracted, the arm should be held in a horizontal position and meas- 
ured around the most prominent part. 

Girth of Elbow. — Taken around the internal condyle of the 
humerus while the arm of the subject is straight, with the muscles 
of the forearm relaxed. 

Girth of Forearm. — Taken around the largest part. The fist 
should be firmly clinched and the palm of the hand turned upward. 

Girth of Wrist. — With the hands of the subject open and the 
muscles of the forearm relaxed, measure between the styloid process 
and the hand. 

Breadth of Head. — The breadth of head should be taken at the 
broadest part. In taking the breadth measurements, stand behind 
the subject. 

Breadth op Neck. — Taken at the narrowest part with the head 
of the subject erect and the muscles of the neck relaxed. 



8 

Breadth of Shoulders. — With the subject standing in a natural 
position, elbows at the sides, shoulders neither dropped forward nor 
braced backward, measure the broadest part two inches below the 
acromion processes. 

Breadth of Waist. — Taken at the narrowest part. 

Breadth of Hips. — Measure the widest part over the trochanters, 
while the subject stands with feet together, the weight resting equally 
on both legs. 

Breadth of Nipples. — Taken from centre to centre with the chest 
in a natural position. 

Depth of Chest. — Taken after a natural inspiration. Place one 
foot of the calipers on the sternum midway between the nipples, and 
the other foot on the spine at such a point that the line of measure- 
ment is at right angles with the axis of the spinal column. When it 
is desirable to ascertain the extent of the antero-posterior movement 
of the chest, measurements may be taken from the same points after 
the fullest inspiration and after the fullest expiration. 

Depth of Abdomen. — Place one foot of the calipers immediately 
above the navel, the other on the spine at such a point that the line 
of measurement is at right angles to the axis of the spinal column. 

Length of Shoulder to Elbow. — With the arm of the subject 
bent sharply at the elbow and held at the side, measure from the top 
of the acromion process to the olecranon. Care should be taken that 
the measuring rod is parallel with the humerus and not with the 
external surface of the arm. 

Length from Elbow to Finger Tip.— With the arm of the subject 
bent sharply at the elbow and the rod resting on back of arm and 
hand, measure from the olecranon process to»the tip of the middle 
finger. 

Length of Foot. — Take the extreme length of foot from the end 
of the first or second toe to the back of the heel, about one inch from 
the surface upon which the foot rests. 

Stretch of Arms. — With the arms of subject stretched out hori- 
zontally so that both hands and shoulders are in a line, with one mid- 
dle finger and the zero end of the measuring rod pressed against the 
wall, note the point to which the other middle finger tip reaches. 

Horizontal Length. — With the heels of the subject pressed hard 
against a perpendicular wall, with arms at the sides and body 
resting naturally on a horizontal plane, measure the distance of the 
apex of the head from the wall. 



Capacity of Lungs. — The subject after loosening the clothing 
about the chest and taking a full inspiration, filling the lungs to their 
utmost capacity, should blow slowly into the spirometer. Two or 
three trials may be allowed. 

Expiratory Strength. — As before, the subject after loosening 
the clothing about the chest and filling the lungs completely, should 
blow with one blast into the manometer. Care should be taken that 
no air is allowed to escape at the sides of the mouth, and that in 
expelling the air all the muscles of expiration are brought into play. 

Strength of Back. — The subject, standing upon the iron foot- 
rest, with the dynamometer so arranged that when grasping the han- 
dles with both hands his body will be inclined forward at an angle of 
60*^, should take a full breath and without bending the knees, give 
one hard lift, mostly with the back. 

Strength of Legs. — The subject while standing on the foot-rest 
with body and head erect, and chest thrown forward, should sink 
down, by bending the knees, until the handle grasped rests against 
the thighs, then taking a full breath, he should lift hard principally 
with the legs, using the hands to hold the handle in place. 

Strength of Chest. — The subject with his elbows extended at the 
sides until the forearms are on the same horizontal plane and holding 
the dynamometer so that the dial will face outward and the indicator 
point upward, should take a full breath and push vigorously against 
the handles, allowing the back of the instrument to press on the chest. 

Strength of Upper Arms, Triceps. — The subject, while holding 
the position of rest upon the parallel bars, supporting his weight with 
arms straight, should let the body down until the chin is level with 
the bars, and then push it up again until the arms are fully extended. 
Note the number of times that he can lift himself in this manner. 

Strength of Upper Arms, Biceps. — The subject should grasp a 
horizontal bar or pair of rings and hang with the feet clear from the 
floor while the arms are extended. Note the number of times that 
he can haul his body up until his chin touches the bar or ring. 

Strength of Forearms. — The subject, while holding the dyna- 
mometer so that the dial is turned inward, should squeeze the spring 
as hard as possible, first with the right hand then with the left. The 
strength of the muscles between the shoulders may be tested with the 
same instrument. The subject, while holding the dynamometer on 
a level with the chest, should grasp it with handles and pull with both 
arms from the centre outward. 



10 

Total Strength. — The Total Strength is purely an arbitrary, 
and relative, rather than an actual test of strength as its name would 
indicate. And while confessedly imperfect, it seems decidedly desir- 
able that there should be some method of comparison which does not 
depend entirely on lifting a dead weight against gravity, or steel 
springs. 

The bodily weight is multiplied by the sum of the "Dip and 
Pull." (This is divided by ten simply to prevent too great a number 
of figures in the calculation.) To this is added the strength of back, 
the strength of legs, the average of the forearms, and the lung 
strength. The sum is the Total Strength. 

For example, the weight of No. is 64.6 kilos. The Dip is 

11, the pull 12=23. The Back Strength is 125, the Leg Strength 
150, the Forearms40 and the Lungs 1.4. Or, 64.6X23-^10+125+ 
150+40+1.4=464.9. 

PiLOSiTY. — Note the amount of hair on the body and limbs, exclud- 
ing the head, face and pubes. 

Color of Hair. — Light (Very Fair, Fair, Light Brown, Brown) . 
Dark (Dark Brown, Black Brown, Black). Red (Red Brown, Red, 
Golden) . 

Color of F.yes.— Light (Dark Blue, Blue, Light Blue). Dark 
(Light Brown, Brown, Dark Brown, Black). Mixed (Gray, Green) . 



With these directions fully in mind, the examiner proceeds to take 
the measures of the student, who is with him in the Statistics Room 
which is at a temperature between 60° and, 70^^ F. and as near the 
middle of the day as possible. With the clerk near by who has the 
college folio record book before him, as well as this manual, the 
Examiner first records the name of the person to be examined, the 
age, the date,, and his number as preserved in the College books. 
The next record is that of the Height. If it be perchance 1720 milli- 
meters he turns to the third page of the table, and at the line upon 
the top of the page among the heavy faced type finds the number 
1720. Directly over this he places a V to indicate that this is the 
column with which the measures are compared ; and he also writes 
1720 on the left blank space against height. This is the real starting 
point in the examination, and now the examiner may go on directly 
down the column if he so pleases, writing the measures against the 
items on the left. It is, however, generally thought best to inter- 



11 

sperse the strength tests with the girths and breadths, and not bunch 
them, as it may be a hard strain to some persons thus to do, and not 
give a fair test of the full powers. Perhaps a good way is to take 
the Pull Up directly after the Height, the Dip after the Wrist 
measure, and the strength of Legs and Back near the close of the 
examination. So, too, the Lung tests may be one of the last things 
taken, as th.e circulation is then well maintained at the surface of the 
body and the Lungs free to be inflated. 

It is well, however, to use the Stethoscope when the heart is quiet, 
just before the Pull Up, and again immediately after the same, in 
order that w^e may learn if there be irregular action or valvular dis- 
turbance. And the condition of the Lungs is ascertained by listening 
to the breathing at the same time. 

The Eyes and Ears may be examined whenever during the process 
it may be most convenient. 

After the examination the Examiner can at his leisure study the 
case, by comparing it with the column of measures as indicated by 
the "V" column, as well as from any other information he may 
gain from questions as to heredity, accidents and sickness if he 
should chance to make them, and as he does in the Records of 
Amherst College. By this time he will have learned if there be weak 
organs or muscles, or non development, which he will at once be in a 
condition to advise about or prescribe for. And what he may choose 
to put in writing may be entered, with the state of Eyes, Ears, 
Heart, Lungs and Muscles on the first page of the Anthropometric 
Card. And at this point may be entered what apparatus or exercise 
may be used to correct deficiencies or strengthen weak parts, with 
special reference to the directions and suggestions about the appa- 
ratus of a well furnished gymnasium in the latter part of this manual. 

If the measure of Height of the young man falls between the even 
tens, the column should be selected which gives the nearest unit to 
it ; if half-way between, of course the average of the two columns 
will be the point of study. 

When the Examination is completed the College has in its records 
every item which the student has in his manual, and several others 
which the Examiner may need to make use of in giving advice for 
development, imperfections, or weakness. The College record is 
only to be seen and consulted by the Department, though every man 
may see his own record at any time, but not that of his neighbor. 



If it is desired to make the examination and record still more com- 
plete the following blank may be used. 



History and Statistics of 

Date, 

Age, 

Birthplace, 

{ Father, 
^ Mother, 

;:s. I Paternal Grandfather, 
o 



1 



' ' Grandmother, 
Maternal Grandfather, 

" Grandmother, 
Father died of 
Mother died of 

Hereditary Conditions, 



Accidents, 
Diseases, 

Condition of Thorax, 
Conditio7i of Eyes, . 
Condition of Ears, 

Left Handed, 





THE 

ANTHROPOMETRIC CARD. 

Mr „.^„.A„..U........l-.^^M^^. - 

.years, , :^....months old to-day. No.. 

His height is , L..J..J....J...... nfiillimeters, or inches. 

Condition of 

Eyes: y^U^/^ , /^AA^ " K'^S^^ ^ 

Ears: >^^ 
Heart : 

Lungs: •/ .j^^j^t ^. M^ , jT^ ^ jr^^J!^^!^ joi^.^^^^'^^.. 

Muscles : ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 

DIRECTIONS AND REMARKS. ^ 





Height, 


1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 


Height, 


63.0 


63.4 


63.8 


64.2 


64.6 


65.0 


65.5 


65.7 


Weight. 


53.9 

118.5 


54.0 

118.5 


54.1 

119.0 


54.5 

119.9 


54:.7 

120.3 


55.5 

122.1 


57.3 

127.1 


57.9 

127.3 




Sternum. 


1290 

50.8 


1300 

51.2 


1300 

51.2 


1320 

52.0 


1330 

52.2 


1340 

52.8 


1350 

53.2 


1350 

53.2 


CO 

H 


Navel. 


947 

37.4 


958 

37.8 


962 

37.9 


966 

38.0 


974 

38.4 


979 

38.5 


983 

38.8 


986 

38.9 


III 

1— ( 


Pubes. 


797 

31.3 


800 

31.6 


810 

319 


812 

32.0 


814 

32.1 


820 

32.3 


835 

33.0 


839 

33.1 




Knee 


425 

16.7 


430 

16.9 . 


439 

17.3 


442 

17.4 


448 

17.6 


448 

17.6 


450 

17.7 


454 

17.8 




Sitting. 


851 

33-5 


856 

33.7 


869 

34.2 


870 

34.3 


879 

34.5 


880 
34.6 


883 

34.7 


884 

34.8 




' Head. 


559 

•22.0 


561 
22.1 


562 

22.1 


562 

22.1 


563 

22.2 


563 

22.2 


565 

22.2 


565 

22.2 




N4ck. 


8;35 

13.2 


338 

13.4 


340 

13.4 


345 

13.6 


345 

13.6 


346 

13.6 


347 

13.7 


348 

13.7 




Chest 
Repose. 


851 

33.5 


852 

33.6 


854 
33.7 


857 

33.7 


857 

33.7 


864 

34.0 


865 

34.0 


868 

34.2 




ClK^St 
Full. 


8«1 

34.6 


882 

34.7 


888 

34.9 


900 
35.4 


900 
35.4 


901 

35.4 


903 

35.5 


904 

35.5 




Belly. 


702 

27.7 


703 

27.7 


703 

27.7 


703 

27.7 


708 

27.8 


709 

28.0 


710 

28.0 


710 

28.0 




Hips. 


860 

33.9 


860 

33.9 


864 

^4.0 


864 

34.0 


873 

34.4 


879 

34.6 


881 

34.8 


882 

34.9 




R. Thigh. 


500 

19.7 


501 

19.7 


501 

19.7 


501 

19.7 


503 

19.8 


504 

19.8 


506 

19.9 


509 

20.0 




L. Thigh. 


497 

19.5 


498 

19.6 


498 

19.6 


498 

19.6 


498 

19.6 


500 

19.7 


503 

16.8 


506 

19.9 


j/j 


R. Knee. 


341 

13.4 


341 

13.4 


342 

13.5 


343 

13.5 


344 

13 5 


346 

13.6 


347 

13.7 


348 

J3.7 


o 


L. Knee. 


33,9 

13.3 


339 

13,3 


340 

13.4 


341 

13.4 


342 

13.5 


344 

13.5 


345 

13.6 


346 

13.6 


R. Calf. 


325 

12.8 


326 

12.8 


333 

13.1 


335 

13.2 


336 

13.2 


337 

13.1 


340 

13.4 


342 

13.5 




L. Calf. 


323 

12.7 


324 

12.7 


333 

13.0 


333 

13.1 


334 

13.1 


335 

13.2 


338 

13.3 


340 

13.4 




R. Instep. 


231 

9.1 


231 

9.1 


232 

9.1 


233 

9.2 


234 

9.2 


236 

9.3 


236 

9.3 


237 

9.3 




L. Instep. 


229 

9.0 


229 

9.0 


230- 

9.0 


231 

9.1 


232 

■ 9.1 


233 

9.2 


233 

9.2 


235 

9.2 




U.R.Arm 

contracted. 


275 

10.8 


277 

10.9 


280 

11.0 


280 

11.0 


282 
11.1 


283 
11.1 


285 

11.2 


285 

11.2 




U.R.Arm. 


248 

9.8 


248 

9.8 


248 

9.8 


252 

9.9 


253 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 




U.L.Arm. 


244 

9.6 


244 

9.6 


244 

96 


248 

9.8 


249 

9.8 


250 

9.8 


250 

9.8 


250 

9.8 




R. Elbow. 


241 

9.5 


241 

9.5 


242 

9.5 


242 

9.5 


242 

9.5 


242 

9.5 


245 

9.6 


246 

9.6 




L. Elbow. 


237 

9.3 


237 

9.3 


238 

9.4 


238 

9.4 


238 

9.4 


238 

9.4 


241 

9.5 


241 

9.5 



Height, 


1000 1610 1020 1030 1040 1050 1000 1070 


Height, 


63.0 


63A 


63.8 


64.2 


64.6 


65.0 


65.4 


65.7 


^ 


R. Forearm. 


253 

10.0 


253 

10.0 


253 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


255 

I'l.O 


256 

1,01 


257 

1 01 




L. Forearm. 


248 

9.8 


248 

9.8 


248 

9.8 


249 

0.8 


249 

9.8 


250 

98 


251 

0.9 


252 

9.9 


R. Wrist. 


161 

6.3 


161 

6.3 


162 

6.4 


162 

6.4 


162 

6.4 


162 

6.4 


162 

6 4 


163 

6.4 


L. Wrist. 


159 

6.2 


159 

6.2 


160 

6.3 


160 

6.3 


160 

6.3 


160 

6.3 


160 

6.3 


161 

6.3 




' Head. 


151 

5.9 


151 

5.9 


151 
5.9 


152 

6.0 


152 

6.0 


6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


ril 


Neck. 


104 

4.1 


104 

4.1 


106 

4.1 


106 

4.1 


106 

4.1 


107 

4.2 


107 

4.2 


107 

4.2 


H 


Shoulders. 


418 

16.2 


416 

16.3 


418 

16.4 


419 

16.5 


423 

16.'^ 


424 

16.6 


429 

16 9 


431 

16.9 


Nipples. 


191 

7.5 


192 

7.6 


192 

7.6 


193 

7.6 


193 

7.6 


194 

7.6 


195 

7.7 


196 

7.7 




Waist. 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6- 


247 

9.7 


248 

9.8 


248 

9.8 


250 

9.8 




^Hips. 


313 

12.3 


313 

12.3 


315 

12.4 


316 

12.4 


316 

12.4 


316 

12.4 


316 

12.4 


318 

12.5 




Chest. 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

o.no 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


Abdomen. 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 


000 

0.00 




r Shoulder, 

Elbow, E,. 


349 

13.7 


~35r~ 

J3.8 


13.9 


354 

13 9 


357 

14.0 


358 

14.1 


361 

14.2 


14.2 




Shoulder, 

Elbow, L. 


346 

13.6 


349 

13 7 


350 

13.8 


351 

13.8 


354 

13.9 


355 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


359 

14.1 


rr 


R. Elbow 

Tip. 


430 

16.9 


434 

17.1 


436 

17.2 


438 

17.2 


442 

17.2 


443 

17.4 


445 

17.5 


445 

17.5 




L. Elbow 

Tip. 


429 

16.9 


433 

17.1 


435 

17.1 


437 

17.2 


441 

17.4 


442 

17.4 


414 

17.5 


444 

17.5 


R. Foot. 


242 

9.5 


244 

9.6 


244 

9.6 


244 

9.6 


247 

9.7 


249 

9.8 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


H^ 


L. Foot. 


241 

9.5 


243 

9.6 


243 

96 


243 

9.6 


246 

9.7 


248 

9.8 


251 

9.9 


251 

9.9 




Stretch of 

Arras. 


1660 

65.4 


1690 

66.5 


1690 

66.5 


1690 

66.5 


1700 

66.9 


1700 

669 


1700 

66 9 


1720 

67.7 




Horizontal 

^ Length. 


1610 

63.4 


1620 

63.8 


1640 

64.6 


1650 

65.0 


1650 

65.0 


1660 

65.4 


1680 

66.1 


1680 

66.1 




' Lungs. 


1.3 

2.9 


1.3 

2.9 


1.3 

3.1 


1.2 

2.6 


1.2 

2.6 


1.3 

2.9 


1.2 

2.6 


1.2 

2.6 




Back. 


126 

278 


126 

278 


126 

278 


126 

278 


126 

278 


127 

280 


128 

282 


129 

284 




Dip. 


8.0 


7.3 


8.8 


8.1 


7.4 


5.8 


7.3 


7.0 




Pull. 


10.0 


10.8 


10.6 


11.9 


10.5 


9.2 


10.8 


10.4 


Legs. 


130 

287 


143 

315 


147 

324 


148 
326 


149 

328 


150 

331 


151 

333 


154 

339 




R.Forearm. 


34 

75 


34 

75 


34 

75 


36 

79 


36 

79 


37 

82 


37 

82 


37 

82 




L. Forearm. 


31 

68 


31 

68 


3-1 

68 


33 

73 


33 

73 


34 

75 


34 

75 


34 

75 




Total. 


428 


430 


447 


459 


430 


424 


423 


460 


Capacity of 

Lungs. 


3.16 

193 


3.21 

196 


3.25 

198 


3.27 

199 


3.33 

203 


3.44 

210 


3.50 

214 


3.52 

215 



Pilosity. 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 



( — 
Height, ~ 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 PlWlJWll^ 

Height, 66.1 66.5 66.9 67.3 67.7 68.1 68.5 68:9 IV 1 2 



Weight. 



Sternum. 



Navel. 



g \ Pubes. 



Knee. 



Sitting. 



60.1 

132.0 



60.2 

132.4 



61.3 

134.8 



61.3 

134 8 



61.7 
135 7 



62.1 
136.6 



62.5 

137.5 



1360 

53.5 



1400 1400 

55.1 55.1 



1400 1410 1410 

55.1 55.5 55.5 



63.9 r'n. 

U0.5 XJ 



1420 

55.9 



991 
39.0 



1020 1020 

40.2 40.2 



1020 1020 

40.2 40.2 



1040 

40.9 



1050 

41.3 



1430 

56.3 

1050 

41.3 



853 

33 6 



862 

34.0 



863 

34.0 



863 

34.0 



867 

34.1 



870 

34.3 



874 

34.4 



m 

880 yr>j 

34.6 OJ / 



460 

18.1 



473 

18.6 



474 

18.7 



474 

18.7 



478 

]H.8 



484 

li^.O 



486 

19.1 



891 

.35.0 



905 

35.6 



908 

35.7 



908 

35.7 



910 

35.8 



918 

36.1 



918 

36.1 



918 

36.1 



in 

-V 



Head. 



Neck. 



Chest 



Chest 

Full. 



Belly. 



Hips. 



R. Thigh. 



L. Thi^ 



R. Knee. 



L. Knee. 



R. Calf. 



i L. Calf. 



R. Instep. 



L. Instep. 



U.R.Arm 

Contracted. 



U.R.Arm. 



U.L.Arm. 
R. Elbow. 



L. Elbow. 



R. Forearm. 



L. Fore arm. 



R. Wrist. 



L. Wrist. 



565 

22.2 



Obb 
22.3 



571 

22.4 



571 

22.4 



572 

22.5 



572 

22.5 



572 

22.5 



348 

13.7 



350 

13.8 



350 

13.8 



352 

13.9 



353 

13.9 



354 

13.9 



354 

13.9 



572 

22.5 

355 cr? -3 
14.0 J 



872 

34.3 



872 

34.3 



876 

34.5 



880 

34 6 



887 

34.8 



887 

34.8 



889 

35.0 



905 

35.6 



9U9 

. 35.8 



913 

35.9 



916 



926 

36.5 



930 

36.6 



931 

36.6 



889 Q 

35.0 )^ 



714 

28.1 



722 

28.4 



722 

28.4 



723 

28.4 



723 

28.4 



726 

28.5 



882 884 886 886 888 

34.7 34.8 34.8 34.8 34.9 



931r>i. 

36.6 / y 9 

729 731 //7n 

28.7 28.7 6 6 J 



895 896 908 

35.2 35.3 35 



517 517 518 519 520 

20.3 20.3 20.4 20.4 20.5 



521 522 522 

20.5 20.5 20.5 



514 

20.2 



514 

20.2 



515 



516 

20.3 



517 

20.3 



518 

20.4 



519 

20.4 



519 

20.4 



351 

13.8 



352 

13.9 



354 

13.9 



355 

14.0 



357 

14.0 



360 

14.2 



361 

14.2 



364 

14.3 



349 350 352 354 355 358 

13.7 13.8 13.9 13.8 14.0 14.1 



359 361 

14.f 



liii 
m 

345 345 346 347 347 351 351 351 9^/1 

13.6 13.6 13 6 13.7 13.7 13.8 13.8 13.8 J J U 

i3C 



343 343 344 345 345 

13.5 13.5 13.5 13.6 13.6 



349 349 
13.7 13.7 



23' 



237 237 239 

9.3 9.3 9.4 



241 
9.5 



242 

9.5 



244 



235 235 235 237 

9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3 



239 

9.4 



240 

94 



241 241 

9.5 9.5 



287 287 290 292 

11.3 113 11.4 11.5 



293 
11.5 



295 296 

11.6 11.6 



254 257 257 257 260 260 261 261>f^ 



10.0 



10.1 



10.1 10.1 



10.3 



10. 



tZ(j 



250 253 253 253 258 258 257 257 n . ^ 

9.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 X I V 



247 249 249 

9.7 9.8 9.8 



249 252 252 



243 245 245 245 

9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 



248 248 
9.8 9.8 



254 254^-/ 
10.0 lo.oTZ^ J I 



250 250 



258 261 261 262 

10.1 10.3 10.3 10.3 



263 263 

10.3 10.3 



263 263^ f^ 

10.3 10.3 _ 



254 256 256 257 258 258 

10.0 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 



258 

10.1 



258 

10 



163 164 166 166 

6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 



166 

6.5 



167 

6.6 



167 



161 162 164 164 

6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 



164 165 

6.4 6.5 



165 

6.5 



6.6 J V 



165 

6.5 



Height, 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 



Height, 


66.1 


66.5 


66.9 


67.3 


67.7 


68.1 


68.5 


68.9 




'Head. 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


153 

6.0 


154 

6.1 


154 

6.1 




Neck. 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


108 

4.2 


109 

43 


109 

4.3 


109 

4.3 




Shoulder. 


431 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


431 

16.9 


432 

17.0 


432 

17.0 


432 

17.0 


433 

17.0 




Nipples. 


196 

7.7 


196 

7.7 


196 

7.7 


196 

7.7 


197 

7.7 


198 

7.8 


198 

7.8 


199 

7.9 


Waist. 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


253 

10.0 


253 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


254 

10.0 


Hips. 


320 

12.6 


324 

12.7 


330 

13.0 


332 

13.1 


332 

13.1 


532 

13.1 


335 

13.2 


335 

13.2 


Shoulder 

Elbow, R. 


366 

14.4 


366 

14.4 


367 

14.4 


368 

14.5 


369 

14.5 


369 

14.5 


371 

14.6 


376 

14.8 




Shoulder 

Elbow, L. 


363 

14.3 


363 

14.3 


364 

14.3 


365 

14.4 


366 

14.4 


366 

14.4 


369 

14.5 

468 

18.4 


373 

14.7 




R. Elbow 

Tip. 


446 

17.6 


450 

17.7 


455 

17.9 


457 

18.0 


460 

18.1 


465 

18.3 


468 

18.4 




L.Elbow 

L Tip. 


445 

17.5 


449 

17.7 


454 

17.9 


456 

17.9 


459 

18.1 


464 

18.3 


467 

18.4 


467 

18.4 



m 



H 
P^ 






m 



CO 

H 

P^ 
H 



in 

/n 



a I Chest. ^0^^ ^0^ *^^0 ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 0^^ 



00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 



S ! Abdomen ^^^ ^^^^ 0^0 000 000 000 000 000 

l^^uuu e . ^^^^ ^^^^ QQ^^ QQ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 



ffl I T -17^^+ 251 252 255 258 259 263 263 264 

^ Stretch of 1730 1740 1770 1770 1780 1810 1810 1810 

g I Arms. 6 8.1 68.5 69.7 69.7 70.1 71.3 71 3 71.3 

h3 Horizontal 1690 1700 1750 1760 1760 1770 1770 1770 

^ Length. 66.5 66.9 67.7 69.3 69.3 69.7 69 7 69.7 



fU Foot ^^2 253 256 259 260 264 264 265 Q^-CV 

_^ [ 9.9 10.0 lO.J 10.2 10.2 10.4 10.4 10.4 < J / 

IT Foot ^'^1 252 255 258 259 263 263 264 ^ <~ 7 

j ^ [ 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 -vJ / 

n?3 

rTun2-s 1-2 1-1 1-3 1-^ 1-1 1-'^ 1-2 1.'2 / O 

^^ o 2.6 2.4 ' 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.6 2.6 /' J 

r»„pt 130 135 136 137 138 140 140 140 / / r 

-"'''^ 287 298 300 301 304 3C9 309 309 f / O 

mp. 87667866 O 

^^^ To 9 9 10 9 ~T0 9 9 / 

tTZ 159 160 163 164 164 164 165 167 I ^^ 

^ 350 353 359 361 361 361 364 368 I J -^ 

R.Fo.ear^. 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 ^^ 

L-Forear.,. 36 36 37 37 3J 37 38 38 ^^ 

Total. ^^^ ^^^ ^^1 ^'^^ ^^2 458 449 476 9 /J 



Capacity of 8.54 3.60 3.63 3.66 3.78 3.90 3.91 3.94 9//) 

Lungs. 216 220 221 223 231 238 239 240 J ' v^ 

Filosity. 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.8 ^ L 



Height, 


1700 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 


Height, 


69,8 


69.7 


70.1 


70.6 


10.9 


71.8 


71.7 


72.0 


Weight. 


65.1 

U3.5 


67.8 

149.5 


67.8 

149.5 


68.0 

149.9 


68.2 

150.3 


68.2 

15.03 


68.3 

150.3 


68.3 

150.6 




Sternum. 


1440 

56.7 


1450 

57.1 


1450 

57.1 


1460 

57.5 


1470 

57.9 


1480 

58.3 


1480 

58.3 


1500 

59.3 


t 


Navel. 


1060 

41.7 


1060 

41 7 


1070 

42.1 


1080 
42 5 


1090 

42.9 


1090 

42.9 


1090 

42.9 


1107 

44.1 


9.^ 


Pubes. 


886 

34.9 


895 

35.2 


896 

35.2 


899 

35.4 


907 

-35.7 


918 
36.1 


919 

36.2 


921 

86.3 




Knee. 


489 

19.3 


494 

19.6 


499 

19.7 


500 

19.7 


504 

19.9 


517 

20.3 


519 

20.4 


525 

20.7 




Sitting. 


924 

86.4 


925 

36.4 


925 

36.4 


953 

36.7 


934 

36.7 


937 

36.8 


939 

37.6 


939 

37.0 




' Head. s 


573 

22.5 


574 

22.6 


575 

22.6 


576 

22.7 


582 

22.9 


582 

22.9 


583 

23 


583 

23.0 




Neck. 


355 

14.0 


355 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


356 

14 


356 

14.0 




Chest 
Repose. 


890 

35.0 


890 

35.0 


891 

35.1 


893 

35.2 


894 

35.2 


898 

35.3 


898 

35.3 


899 

35.4 




Chest 

Full. 


931 

36.6 


934 

36.7 


936 

36.8 


936 

36.8 


938 

36.9 


939 

37.0 


953 

375 


956 

37.6 




Belly. 


733 

29.0 


738 

29.0 


741 

29.2 


745 

29.3 


748 

29.4 


748 

29.4 


748 

29.4 


749 

29.5 




Hips. 


912 

35.9 


912 

35.9 


912 

35.9 


916 
36.1 


921 

36.2 


921 

36.2 


922 

36.3 


923 

36.3 




R. Thigh. 


522 

20.5 


523 

20.6 


523 

20.6 


523 

20.6 


524 

20.6 


524 

20.6 


526 

20.7 


529 

20.8 




L. Thigh. 


519 

20.4 


519 

20.4 


519 

20.4 


519 

20.4 


522 

20.5 


522 

20.5 


523 

20.6 


527 

20.7 




R. Knee. 


365 

14.4 


366 

14.4 


366 

14.4 


367 

14.4 


369 

14.5 


369 

14.5 


369 

14.5 


369 

14.5 




L. Kuee. 


363 

14.3 


364 

14.3 


361 

14.3 


365 

14.4 


367 

14.4 


367 

14.4 


367 

14.4 


367 

14.4 


C/2 


R. Calf. 


353 

13.9 


353 

13.9 


353 

13.9 


354 

13.9 


354 

13.9 


356 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


356 

14.0 


L. Calf. 


351 

13.8 


351 

13.8 


351 

13.8 


352 

13.9 


352 

13.9 


354 

13.9 


354 

13.9 


354 

13.9 




R. Instep. 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


246 

9.7 


247 

9.7 


247 

9.7 


247 

9.7 


247 

9.7 


247 

9.7 




L. Instep. 


243 

9.6 


243 

9.6 


244 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 


245 

9.6 




U.R.Arm 

Coati acted. 


296 

11.6 


296 

11.6 


297 

11.7 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 


300 

11.8 




U.R.Arm 


260 

10.2 


260 

10.2 


261 

10.3 


261 

10.3 


261 

10.3 


262 

10.3 


262 

10.3 


264 

10.4 




U.L.Arm. 


258 

10.1 


258 

10.1 


259 

10.2 


259 

10.2 


259 

10.2 


260 

10.2 


260 

10.2 


262 

10.3 




R. Elbow. 


254 

10.0 


.255 

10.0 


255 

10.0 


256 

10.1 


256 

10.1 


256 

10.1 


256 

10,1 


257 

10.1 




L. Elbow. 


250 

9.8 


251 

9.9 


251 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


252 

9.9 


253 

10.0 




R. Forearm. 


264 

10.4 


265 

10.4 


266 

10.5 


267 

10.5 


268 

10.5 


268 

10.5 


269 

10.6 


269 

10.6 




L. Forearm. 


259 

10.2 


261 

10.3 


261 

10.3 


262 

10.3 


263 

10.3 


263 

10.3 


264 

10.4 


264 

10.4 




R. Wrist. 


168 

6.6 


168 

6.6 


168 

6.6 


169 

6.6 


170 

6.7 


171 

6.7 


171 

6.7 


172 

6.8 




L. Wrist. 


166 

6.5 


166 

6.5 


166 

6.5 


167 

6.6 


168 

6.6 


169 

6.6 


169 

6.6 


170 

6.7 



Height, 1760 1770 1780 1700 1800 1810 1820 1830 

Height, 69.3 69.7 70.1 70.5 70,9 71.3 71.7 72.0 

Held 1^^ ^^^ ^^^ 1^^ ^^^ ^^6 1^^ 1^6 

' ' 6.1 6.1 6 1 6.1 6.2 6 2 6.2 6.2 



Neck. 
Shoulder, 



Nipples. 



Hips. 






109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 

4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 

438 438 48^ 438 439 439 440 445 

17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.5 



199 200 200 201 201 205 206 206 

7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1 8-1 



Waist ^^'^ 256 256 256 256 260 263 263 

10.0 10.1 lO.l 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 



335 335 336 337 340 341 341 341 

13.2 13.2 13.2 13.3 13,4 13.4 13.4 13.4 

R.Shoulder 381 382 384 395 396 396 397 398 

Elbow, R. 15 .0 15.0 15.1 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 

Shoulder 379 379 381 392 393 393 394 395 

Elbow, L. 14.9 14.9 15.0 J.5.4 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 

R. Elbow 468 470 475 480 484 485 486 488 

Tip^ 18 .4 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.1 19.1 19.2 

L. Elbow ^67 469 474 479 483 484 485 487 

Tip . 18.4 18.5 18.7 18.9 19.0 19.0 19.1 19.2 

ffl f Chest 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 

rij I ' 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 

W ' Abdomen ^^^ ^00 ^^0 0^0 000 000 000 000 

Q (^ ' 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 

RTroot 265 266 267 270 273 274 274 276 

10.4 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.9 



L Foot 264 265 '1^^ 269 272 273 273 275 

_J '_ 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.8 

Stretch of 1810 1810 1820 1850 1870 1880 1890 1890 

Arms 71.3 71 3 71.7 72.8 73.6 74.0 74.4 74.4 

Horizontal 1770 1780 1780 1790 1790 1790 1820 1840 

Length 69.7 70.1 70.1 70.5 70.5 70.5 71.7 72.4 





Lungs. 


1.2 

2.6 


1.3 

2.9 


1.2 

2.6 


1.2 

2.6 


1.2 

2.4 


1.2 

2.6 


1.2 

2.4 


1.2 

2.6 




Back. 


141 

311 


141 

311 


141 

311 


142 

313 


145 

320 


147 

324 


147 

324 


148 

326 


H 


Dip. 


6 


6 


6 


6 


5 


4 


6 


6 


Pull. 


8 


9 


9 


8 


8 


8 


8 


9 


Legs. 


168 

370 


168 

370 


169 

372 


171 

377 


172 

379 


173 

381 


174 

384 


174 

384 


R.Forearm. 


41 

90 


41 

90 


41 

90 


42 

92 


43 

95 


43 

95 


43 

95 


44 

97 




L. Forearm. 


38 

84 


38 

84 


39 

86 


40 

88 


40 

88 


40 

88 


40 

88 


41 

90 




Total. 


469 


450 


499 


456 


456 


485 


467 


485 



Capacity of 4.02 4.03 4.05 4.18 4.42 4.43 4.43 4.48 

Lungs. 245 246 247 255 270 270 270 273 

Pilosity. " 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.5 



ANTHROPOMETRIC APPARATUS. 



The ESSENTIAL APPARATUS foi' securing these statistics, and their 
approximate cost are : 

Fairbanks's scales, Metric and English, with 

measure for heights, $16.00 

Separate Measure for heights, 8.00 

Calipers for depths, 5.50 

" " widths, 3.00 

Back, Chest and Leg Dynamometer, 50.00 

Grip Dynamometer, , 10.00 

Lung Dynamometer (manometer), 15.00 

Spirometer, Hutchinson's, 10.00 

Tape, 0.50 

ALSO 

A Record book or Cards, . $8.00 

A Stethoscope, 4.50 

Set of colored worsteds, 1.25 

Cards for Eye Tests, 0.50 

Two Pairs of Spectacles, 2.00 

Tuning Fork, 0.50 

The SCALES may be procured at any of the agencies of A. & T. 
Fairbanks, St. Johnsbury, Vt. The graduated wooden measures can 
be obtained of Tiemann & Co., New Chambers St., New York^ or 
of Watts Bros., 178 Washington St., Boston; and the Dynamome- 
ters also of the same parties or of Thomas A. Upham, 17 Harvard 
Place, Boston. Tapes can be procured of George M. Eddy, 351 
Classon Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Thomas Groom & Co., State St., 
Boston, can furnish Record Books or Dr. G. W. Seaver of Yale 
University. N. D. Whitney, 129 Tremont St., Boston, can furnish 
Colored Worsteds, and the Cards for Eye Tests are to be obtained 
of E. B. Meyrowitz, 104 East 23d St., New York. Also most of 
this apparatus can be procured of the Narragansett Machine Com- 
pany, Providence, Rhode Island. 

Dr. D. A. Sargent of Harvard College, and Dr. Luther Gulick of 
the Training School of the Y. M. C. Association at Springfield have 
each published a pamphlet giving by illustrations essentially the 
same methods as described in this manual. 



21 

DIRECTIONS FOR TESTING THE CONDITION OF THE 
EYES, EARS, LUNGS, AND HEART. 



PREPARED BY DR. H. H. SEELTE. 



Procure of any optician two pairs of spectacles, one with convex 
glasses. No. +-75 Dioptric (equal to No. +.48 in the old or English 
system), and the other with concave glasses, No. — .75 Dioptric. 
Also obtain a copy of Monoyer's test letters (a card of Dr. Dennett's 
modification of Monoyer's test type may be procured of E. B. 
Meyrowitz, optician, 104 East 23rd St., New York City), to be hung 
up at 5 meters distance, and a copy of Green's astigmatic lines, in 
the form of a clock face, to be hung up at the same distance. 

Test : Seat the subject at a distance of five meters from the test 
cards, which should be hung in a good light. Examine each eye sep- 
arately, keeping the other covered by a card or small book held in 
front of, but not touching it. Never press the fingers against the 
closed lid. 

There are ten lines of letters on the test card, numbered from .1, 
.2, .3, etc., up to ten lOths or 1. If now the subject can read the 
top line, the smallest letters on the card, with the right eye (R. E.) 
alone, his vision (V.) is recorded as ten lOths or 1. (V. R. E. = l.) 
If he sees nothing clearly above the fifth line from the bottom, but 
can read that correctly, then Y. R. E. = .5. If he cannot read any 
of the lines, then Y. R. E.i=0, (i. e. less than one-lOth). Whatever 
the vision without glasses may prove to be, always next put on the 
convex spectacles and again cover the other eye. If now he can still 
with the right eye see as well or better than with no glasses at all, 
and can read the same line as before, he is Hypermetropic (H.) in 
that eye. For example, if without glasses it was found that Y. R. E. 
r=r.5, and now after adding the convex glass his Y. is improved to 
.8, the record would be Y. R. E. = .5,+H. = .8. But if the vision is 
neither improved or made worse by the convex glass, the record will 
be thus: Y. R. E.==.5,-|-H.=.5. If the convex glass can be used 
at all without decreasing the vision, no further testing with this card 
is needed : the subject is hypermetropic in that eye. 

If it is found that the vision of the right eye equals 1. without 
glasses, and the addition of the convex glasses blurs the letters, the 
eye is Emmetropic, that is, the vision is normal (Y.R.E.=:1.) 



22 

If, however, the vision without glasses is less than 1., for instance 
only .8, and the convex glasses make even that line more indistinct, 
then put on the concave glasses. If now the vision is improved so 
that a higher line can be read, for instance the eighth from the bot- 
tom, the eye is Myopic, or "near sighted," and the record will be 
V. R. E.=:.3,-|-My.^.8. Or again, if the vision without glasses in 
the left eye is found to be .7 and then with the concave glasses the 
top line can be read, the record will stand thus : V. R. E.=:.7,+My. 
=1. After testing each eye separately, place the record of one above 
the other, for example thus : 
j V. R. E. = l. 
|V. L. E.=.6,+My. = .9. 

This completes the testing for simple hypermetropia, myopia and 
emmetropia. 

After testing the eyes as above, if the vision has not yet been 
made perfect in either, leave on the proper correcting glass, the con- 
vex if there is hypermetropia, or the concave if there is myopia, or 
use no glass if there is neither ; then direct the subject's attention 
with that eye alone, the other being covered, to the card of radiating 
black lines. If he sees one or more of the lines running in any direc- 
tion clearer or blacker than those at right angles to them, he is shown 
to be astigmatic. Either the perpendicular or the horizontal lines 
usually appear the blackest to the astigmatic person. If the previous 
record was V.R.E.=.7 and this defect is found, then it will be 
V.R.E. = .7,+As. Or, if before it read: V.L.E. = .3,+My. = .6, 
and astigmatism is found, it will read, V.L.E. = .3,-|-My. = .6,-|-As. 
Astigmatism may exist either alone or in combination with My. or 
H. If alone we might have a record thus : V.R.E.=.6,-|-As. ;V.L.E. 
= .4,+As., or if with hypermetropia thus : V.R.E. = .7,-j-H. = .7,-|- 
As. ;Y.L.E. = .6 ;+H.==.8,+As. 

To recapitulate, in brief ; if it is found that V.R.E. = 1, then the 
R.E. is either Emmetropic or Hypermetropic. If emmetropic, the 
convex glass will markedly impair the vision : if hypermetropic it 
will not. If the V.R.E.=.9 or less, then the R.E. is either hyper- 
metropic, myopic, astigmatic or amblyopig. 

1st. If it is H. the convex glass will not greatly impair the vision. 

2nd. If it is My. the concave glass will improve V. 

3rd. If it is As. one of the radiating lines is blackest. 

4th. If neither of these defects exists and the V. is less than .7 
then Amblyopia or partial blindness may be recorded. It may read 
thus: V.L.E. = .6,+Am. 



23 

Caution. — Always try the convex glass. Never try the concave 
unless the convex glass blurs the vision. 

In the following cases the subject should be recommended to con- 
sult an oculist concerning the advisability of wearing glasses : If the 
vision without any glasses is less than .4 in either or both eyes ; if he 
complains of weak, watery or painful eyes, especially in reading, and 
any degree of hypermetropia or astigmatism is found to exist. These 
tests determine the nature but not the degree of any defect in vision, 
in subjects under fifty years of age. 

Directions for Testing the Color Sense. 

A reliable set of test worsteds of different colors may be procured 
of N. D. Whitney, 129 Tremont St., Boston. Among these will be 
found three large test skeins colored light green, purple (pink or 
rose), and bright red. To make the examination, spread all the 
worsteds out on a white cloth placed upon a table. First lay the 
green test skein a little to one side of the others, and then tell the 
subject to throw out of the pile and lay along side of the test skein 
all the lighter and darker shades of that color, or all the skeins con- 
taining a shade of that color in any degree. Avoid naming the color 
"green" to him. If he throws out only shades of green or light 
blue his color sense is normal (C.S.N.) and the test is completed. 
But if in addition he throws out light grays, or any other shade of 
gray, or light yellows, salmons, or pinks, he is color-blind. If he 
handles or fumbles over those shades a good deal and hesitates, as 
if in doubt about them, but yet does not throw them out, he proba- 
bly has "feeble color sense" (C.S.F.) . The examiner in these cases 
must use his judgment in making a certain amount of allowance for 
the stupidity of some persons in understanding what is wanted, 
especially in the young and uneducated. 

If the subject is found to be color-blind, next lay down the purple 
or rose-colored test-skein, in place of the green, in order to determine 
the nature of the defect. Now tell him to throw out all the different 
shades of that color. If he only throws out pinks and light reds and 
shades approaching these he is only partly color-blind. (P.C.B.) 
But if he throws out decidedly bluish purples, blues, violets, greens, 
or grays, he is completely color blind. 

No further testing is needed, but as a matter of curiosity and to 
prove the result, the red test skein may next be tried in the same 
way. If he matches with it browns or greens and grays he is com- 
pletely color-blind. 



24 

The following classes may be recorded : — Color sense uormal= 
C.S.N. ; Color sense feeble=C.S.F. ; Partial color-blindness= 
P.C.B. ; Complete color-blindness=C.C.B. 

Color-blind individuals should be warned against engaging in any 
occupation where this defect would prove dangerous or inconvenient. 

Directions for Testing the Condition of the Ears. 

As tests use a Politzer's Acoumeter or an ordinary watch, a tun- 
ing fork and the voice. Having previously learned by a few exper- 
iments what is the furthest distance at which the acoumeter or watch 
tick can be heard by normal ears, make that number of inches the 
denominator of a fraction, and the hearing distance of each person 
examined thereafter the numerator. Having found the normal hearing 
distance (=H.D.) to be, for the watch, for instance, about sixty 
inches, and that of the subject now examined to be, say forty inches, 
his record for the right ear would then be : H.D.E,.E.=|§. If it had 
been |§ or 1, the ear would be normal, fg would show an abnormally 
acute sense of hearing. If the watch could only be heard while in 
contact with the ear, it would be recorded : H.D.R.E.=^%. If not 
heard at all, then H.D.R.E.=^^ or 0. Next test the left ear in 
the same way. 

For the tuning fork test Dr. Clarence J. Blake's pattern is 
preferred as the standard, though any fork will do. As with the 
watch test the number of seconds any given fork can be heard to 
vibrate by the average normal ear must first be determined by each 
investigator. This number of seconds should be made the denomin- 
ator of a fraction, the numerator of which will be the number of sec- 
onds the note is heard by the individual under examination. The 
fork is to be set in vibration by pressing the prongs together at the 
tips with the fingers and suddenly releasing them. Now place the 
vibrating prongs near the orifice of each ear, alternating constantly 
from one to the other till it ceases to be heard in either. This gives 
the numerator of the fraction for each ear. Thus if 40 seconds is 
the time it ought to be heard in a normal ear, and it is in the case 
under investigation heard 28 seconds in the right ear and 50 in the 
left the result might be recorded : T.F.R.E.=|f, T.F.L.E.=f^, 
meaning the right ear is deaf and the left abnormally acute. T F. 
=f^ or 1, would mean the hearing is normal. 

Suppose we have found by the watch or fork test that H.D.R.E. 
=1^, H.D.L.E.=1, this implies some deafness in the right ear, and 



25 

again the tuning fork will now help us to decide whether the cause 
lies in some defect of the auditory nerve or internal ear, or in the 
external or middle ear or Eustachian tube. Set the fork vibrating 
and then place the end of the handle against or between the subject's 
front teeth. If both ears are normal he will probably seem to hear 
the ringing of the fork equally well in both ears. But if there is a 
defect in one ear he will either seem to hear it louder or more feebly 
in the affected ear. If, as in the case we are examining, the fork is 
heard best in the right, i.e. the deaf ear, this tells us that the deafness 
is due to some defect in the more external parts of the organ, and it 
can probably be corrected by appropriate treatment. But if it is best 
heard in the left, i. e. the good ear, it goes to prove that the defect in 
the other ear is more deeply seated and probably cannot be greatly 
benefited by treatment. This effect of the tuning fork is contrary to 
what would ordinarily be expected, and it is often a matter of sur- 
prise to a deaf person to find that he hears with his teeth apparently 
better on the deaf side. We may now add to our record in this 
case : T.F. best H.E. If it had been heard equally well in both ears 
we would record : T.F.==N. (or normal). 

For the voice test the examiner stands behind the subject at a 
definite distance to be determined by experiment with normal ears, 
and he then pronounces, in a tone of voice which he knows ought to 
be readily heard, some such series of words as house, man, pen, land, 
log, fan, round, dog, now, fog, pan, ship, chip, brass, floor, lock, 
sun, etc., and the subject repeats each one as he hears it. If. he 
makes mistakes his "word hearing" is defective and is to be recorded 
thus : W.H.=D. or if normal it would read W.H.=N. It will often 
be found that voice sounds will be easily heard by a person found to 
be deaf by the watch or fork tests. Where the defect in hearing 
is at all marked a specialist in ear diseases should be consulted.* 

To Examine the Lungs and Heart. 

Procure a Camman's Binaural Stethoscope. Before the subject 
tries any of the strength tests, let him be seated, and while the 
breathing and circulation are easy apply the stethoscope to various 
parts of the chest. The faint respiratory murmur heard everywhere 
will soon become familiar, and any unusual sounds should be noted 
as abnormalities. These may be crackling, bubbling or whistling 



*For some valuable suggestions as to the hearing tests we are much indebted to Dr. 
D. A. Sargent of Harvard University and Dr. Clarence G. Blake of Boston. 



26 

sounds of varying intensity. Or tiie respiratory murmur may be 
abnormally loud or entirely absent. Note whether these sounds 
change or disappear with deep breathing after violent exercise. 

Next listen to the heart sounds. Place the stethoscope over the 
apex of the heart, one inch below and to the right or inner side of 
the left nipple. Both sounds should be heard most distinctly here. 
Then place the instrument two inches above this spot and listen. 
Then place it two inches below the centre of the top of the sternum, 
or breast bone, and listen in this vicinity. Any abnormal heart 
sounds are apt to be heard most distinctly at one of these points. 
In organic heart disease rough grazing or blowing sounds are heard 
with one or both of the normal heart sounds. Take no notice of an 
arterial murmur heard loudest under the outer half of each collar 
bone, which often closely resembles an abnormal heart murmur, 
especially after violent exercise. 

If all the heart sounds are natural, then let the subject take the 
arm tests of pulling up or dipping, and immediately after let him be 
seated again, and then listen to see if the heart and lung sounds are 
still natural, though intensified by the exertion just made. Also note 
any irregularity in the rhythm of the heart sounds or any intermission 
in the beat or great increase of rapidity. There may be such, as 
functional disturbances, without any organic disease. When the 
breathing and heart sounds seem abnormal advise consulting a 
physician. 



PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE 

DEVELOPING APPARATUS IN PRATT 

GYflNASIUM, AMHERST 

COLLEGE. 



BY DR. H. H. SEELYE. 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 



Ten or twenty minutes exercise daily is sufficient for any special 
development that may be desired. The best time is either before or 
after the regular class exercise. 

Perform each exercise sloioly, and only so long as to induce a 
slight feeling of fatigue in the part it is desired to develop. Just 
before closing the exercise may be performed rapidly. 

Every new exercise should be indulged in very moderately at first, 
the amount and severity being increased a little every day or two. 
Use only light weights in the boxes at first, and gradually add to 
them afterwards. Each day employ in succession all the different 
means for developing a given part, when a little tired of one' machine 
or exercise going to another and then to a third and so on, and later 
returning to those used at first. 

See that the left side of the body gets as much or a little more 
exercise than the right, so as to avoid an unequal development. 

That a given set of muscles are being most exercised may be known 
by the fatigue and pain felt in that part after prolonged exertion. 
A slight amount of aching is all that is desired. 

A brief sponge or shower bath after exercising followed by a dry 
rub is healthy and invigorating. 

Don't get discouraged or negligent, because you don't see speedy 
results. Pluck, time and perseverence will accomplish a great deal. 

In the following directions the capital letters in parenthesis corres- 
pond to the same letters painted in red on each piece of apparatus 
referred to. 



28 

TO ENLARGE AND STRENGTHEN THE NECK. 

Turn the head from side to side, rotating it as rapidly and and as 
far as possible. Stop when a little tired. 

Use "Neck Machine" (O) 1st. Light weight at beginning. Face 
machine, stand erect, head strap at back of head. Draw the head 
slowly back as far as possible. Hold it there for a few seconds. 
Bow head forward and repeat as above, holding head back a little 
longer each time. Then repeat the exercise rapidly and continue till 
slightly tired. Increase the weight every few days. 

2nd. Back to machine, stand erect, headstrap around forehead. 
Bow the head till chin touches chest, stooping a little forward at the 
same time. Retain a few seconds and repeat slowly and rapidly, as 
in 1st exercise. 

3rd. Left side to machine, head band around right side of head. 
Bow the head over towards right shoulder. Retain, and repeat 
slowly and rapidly, as in last exercise. 

4th. Right side to machine, reverse exercise 3rd. 

TO CORRECT A TENDENCY TO PROJECT THE NECK FORWARD. 

Repeat exercise No. 1 more frequently and longer than the others. 
With head strap at back of head, walk backward as far as possible 
with body erect. Repeat. In ordinary walking step slowly, body 
erect, elbows, shoulders and neck held stifly back, with chin retracted 
and eyes directed forwards and downwards about 30 feet in front. 

TO REMEDY ROUND OR STOOPING SHOULDERS. 

In walking step slowly, holding the elbows, shoulders and head 
back, and the chin down and retracted. Avoid leaning over the table 
in studying and writing. 

Use 1st. " The Chest Weights" (K). Face machine, brace first 
with one foot and then the other, arms extended forwards from the 
shoulders. Pull one arm outwards and backwards as far as possible, 
elbows stiff. Hold thus for a few seconds. Repeat slowly till weary. 
Same exercise with each arm singly, alternating. Increase the 
weights every few days. 

2nd. Chest Expander {E) . Face machine standing a little back 
from it. Grasp handles above the head. Fill the lungs. Pull arms 
downwards, outwards, and backwards as far as possible. Hold a few 
moments. Empty the lungs. Repeat slowly till slightly weary. 



29 

8rcl. "Floor Pulleys" (0). Face machine standing quite far 
back. Very light weights at first. Pull arms upwards and backwards 
as far as possible, elbows stiff. Hold a few moments and repeat 
slowly till weary. 

For heavier exercise use the Travelling Rings and Swinging Rings. 

TO INCREASE THE SIZE OF THE CHEST AND THE 
CAPACITY OF THE LUNGS. 

Practice daily holding the breath as long as possible, with the 
lungs full, chest thrown outwards, and shoulders backwards. Try 
five or six times at one sitting, increasing the period from thirty sec- 
onds at first to two minutes after a month's practice. 

Practice Running each day. Begin with two or three laps and run 
slowly at first, and increase the rapidity and distance daily ; continu- 
ing till considerably out of breath. 

Use 1st. "The Capacity Spirometer" {Y) daily. Try three or 
four times at one sitting, increasing the capacity a little every few 
days. 

2nd. "Chest Expander" (E). Face machine standing a little 
back. Grasp handles with hands above the head. Take a deep 
full breath and hold it while drawing the arms down to the sides of 
hips with elbows bent. Now empty the lungs, and then fill them again 
while the arms are passing upwards to the first position. Hold the 
breath and return arms to side of hips as at first, but keep the elbows 
stiff and arms extended at each side. Empty lungs and repeat these 
movements very slowly till a little tired. Then repeat the same 
motions with arms extended out in front, lowering the hands to the 
front of the hips. — Next stand with back to the machine and two or 
three feet in front of it, keeping one foot in advance of the other and 
alternating them. Grasp handles with arms upward and backward. 
Pull them down to the sides of hips. Now fill the lungs, and then 
let the arms fly backward and upward as far as possible. Holding 
the breath, bend forwards and again pull the arms downwards and 
forwards to the sides and a little in front of the hips. Now empty 
the lungs and again fill them, and then repeat the same motions 
slowly. Continue till slightly exhausted. 

The " Chest Weights " (K) or any of the " Pulley Weights " may 
be used on the same general principles. 



30 

3rd. "Quarter Circle" (F) ov " Sliding Inclined Plane " (H). 
Keep the chest full of air and thrown outwards while lying on the 
back and pulling the bar downward to the hips. Fill the lungs on 
the upward movement. Do the same without bending elbows. 
Repeat slowly till a little tired. 

4th. Use " Inclined " (M) and " Upright Parallels " (U) with 
lungs inflated. 

TO STRENGTHEN AND ENLARGE THE ARM. 

1st. For the Upper Arm. — Take any exercise which alternately 
flexes and extends the elbow. Pulling motions develop the "biceps" 
muscle on the upper and front part of the arm, and pushing develops 
the " triceps " on the opposite side. 

For the "biceps" use the "chest weights" (K)-, " chest expander" 
(E)^ " inclined planes " (F & H)^ and many of the " pulley 
weights," and especially the "rowing machine " (^i? J. For the 
triceps use the "dipping machine" (T)^ and "inclined" (M) and 
"upright parallel bars" (U)^ also boxing and the "striking bag" (^7J. 

For heavier work, practice on the horizontal bar, rings, and 
climbing rope and ladders for the biceps, and on the parallel bars for 
the triceps. 

2nd. For the Forearm, Hand and Wrist. — Use any exercise 
requiring hard grasping or turning the hand. Tennis playing, Indian 
Club swinging, twirling dumb-bells, Piano playing, etc., are all good. 
Use the "Finger Machine" (S) with light weights, exercising each 
finger separately and then the whole hand till tired. Squeeze the 
"Hand Dynamometers" daily as hard as possible for five or six 
times. Hit the " Striking Bag " (I) with clinched fist. Wind up 
the weight on the " Wrestling Machine " (X) by a hand and wrist 
motion only. 

TO DEVELOP AND STRENGTHEN THE ABDOMINAL 
MUSCLES AND WAIST. 

Any exercise which bends the body forward or twists it to either 
side. Mowing with a scythe, balancing on a tight rope, rowing, 
wrestling, boxing, bowling, and swinging Indian clubs are all good. 
Lie on the back and with knees stiff raise the feet up as high as 
possible. Repeat. 



31 

'^ Inclined Abdominal Machine" (A). At first make inclination 
considerable and later lower it gradually till it reaches the horizontal. 
Lie on back, and repeatedly bring the body to the sitting posture, 
keeping feet under the support. Next lie down and grasp the bar 
above the head, pull it down as far as possible, and when it is in 
front of the hips come to the sitting posture. Repeat. 

Again lying down, raise the body to the sitting posture while 
holding the bar at arm's length above the head. Repeat. Gradually 
increase the weight. 

" Floor Abdominal Machine " (Ab)^ to be used in the same way 
as above. 

"Upright Parallel Bars" (U). Face the strap on either side, 
grasp the high pulley handle above the head, and pull it down while 
bowing the body forward over the strap. Repeat. 

" Wall Abdominal and Stool " (Aa) Sit on stool placed two or 
three feet from the bar on the wall. Place toes under the bar. Bend 
body slowly backwards to the horizontal position and then recover. 
Repeat slow and fast. 

" Horizontal Bar." Circle it, hang with legs bent L shape. 

" High Pulleys " (P) and " Chest Weights " (K). Face machines 
and with both hands pull ropes downward. Side to machine, with 
one hand pull ropes across abdomen or behind back. Wrestling- 
Machine (X), Peristaltic Machine ((^), Sitting Abdominal Machine 

TO STRENGTHEN A WEAK BACK. 

Use 1st " Floor Pulley Weights " (0). Face machine standing a 
little back. Draw the handles from the floor to the sides of the chest 
straightening the body at the same time. Repeat. Then after 
straightening the body continue the pulling with the hands till they 
are carried above and behind the head as far as possible, with the 
body bending backward. Hold there for a few seconds, then repeat 
slowly till tired. Gradually increase the weights. 

"Lifting Machine" {L), or lift weights from the floor without 
bending the knees. Increase slowly. 

"Rowing Machine" {B). Pull with back more than with arms 
or legs. 

"Upright Parallel Bars" (U). Back to the strap, face to high 
pulley, feet under the floor brace. Grasp the handle of high pulley 



32 

with both hands, and pull it downwards and backwards till it stops 
behind the head, and at the same time bend the body back as far as 
possible over the strap. Repeat slowly till tired. 

The " Chest Weights " (K) may be used quite similarly. 

TO ENLARGE AND STRENGTHEN THE THIGHS. 

Practice fast walking and running, throwing the heels high up 
behind ; also skating, kicking, horse-back riding, and lifting weights 
from the floor with the knees bent. Stoop down with knees bent and 
then rise to the erect posture, and repeat till tired. Stoop down 
resting on one knee bent and holding the other leg out straight in 
front, and again coming to standing position. 

Use 1st. " Peristaltic Machine " {G) slowly. 

2nd. " Rowing Machine " (R) , push and pull with the feet chiefly. 

3rd. " Inclined Leg Machine " {B). Lie on back, feet against 
lower brace, legs flexed, grasp side handles, push the sliding platform 
up by straightening the legs. Repeat. Then use the upper brace 
for the feet in same way till tired. 

"Floor Pulley Weights" (0). Face machine, put one heel in 
handle. Draw the foot and handle backward and forward. Repeat 
till tired. Toe in handle, side to machine draw foot across other leg. 
Back to machine, draw foot forward and upward. Light weights. 

TO ENLARGE AND STRENGTHEN THE CALVES, LEGS 
AND ANKLES. 

Practice walking so as to bring pressure against the soles and toes, 
especially up-hill walking. Run on the toes, not touching the heels. 
Hop on one foot and then on the other till tired. Jumping and 
dancing are good. Stand erect on the floor and raise the body on the 
toes fifty to five hundred times ; increase the number daily. 

Use " Bicycle Machine " (Q), pressing the treads with the toes 
only. 

" Inclined Leg Machine" (-B), push with the toes instead of the 
flat foot. 

" Foot Machine and Stool " (N). Adjust the ball, putting it low 
at first. Sit on stool, place feet in the straps and work them as on 
the pedals of a sewing machine. Continue till tired, and a little 
longer each day. 



33 

TO INCREASE THE BODILY WEIGHT. 

Exercise all the muscles moderately for a short time daily. Do not 
become greatly fatigued. Take a short spray bath, with moderately 
cool water, two or three times a week. Avoid excessive mental 
exercise, study or worry. Do things quietly and moderately and not 
with a rush. Lie down and rest, or sleep for half an hour after 
dinner and supper if possible. Do not study soon after eating. 
Practice deep breathing and holding the breath, to exercise the 
diaphragm and stomach. 

Retire early at night and sleep as long as possible. If sleepless 
from brain work, eat a few graham crackers before retiring, to draw 
the excess of blood from the brain to the stomach. Then bathe the 
head and back of neck with cold water, and if necessary the feet also 
and rub them briskly till red and dry. Rise on the toes fifty to one 
hundred times. 

Eat slowly and freely, thoroughly chewing the food. Choose 
especially the following varieties of food. If any of them causes 
indigestion take less of that one. 

Sugars, syrups, and all sweet things. Fats, fat meats and soups. 
Sweet vegetables of all kinds. Corn-starch, tapioca and all puddings, 
cakes, candies and nuts, tea coffee, chocolate and cocoa diluted with 
much milk and well sweetened. Cream and new milk. Butter, eggs 
and condiments. All other foods may be indulged in to the extent 
of the inclination. 

Chewing gum daily before eating and between meals increases the 
flow of saliva, and so aids the digestion of fat-making foods. It also 
indirectly stimulates the secretion of the digestive juices of the 
stomach. 



TO REDUCE EXCESSIVE BODILY WEIGHT. 

Exercise vigorously and long, while warmly dressed, so as to 
induce profuse and prolonged perspiration. Finish with a warm or 
hot bath to wash away the old secretions and to induce fresh activity 
of the skin. Then rub dry in a warm room. Running and fast walking 
while warmly clothed are beneficial. Turkish baths when possible. 
Avoid taking too much sleep. Keep the bowels moving freely. 
Take Epsom or Rochelle salts if necessary. 

Restrict the diet and eat moderately. 
3 



34 

Avoid the following : Fats, sugar and starchy foods. All sweet 
things, syrups, candies, raisins, sweet potatoes, tapioca, rice, beets, 
parsnips, olives, custards, cream, ice-cream, pure milk, cake, pud- 
dings, nuts, pork, bacon, chocolate and cocoa. 

Take sparingly : Potatoes, soups without fat, tea and coffee with 
little or no sugar and milk, veal, lamb, ham, tongue, mackerel, 
herring, sardines, oysters, clams, eggs, condiments, sweet fruits, 
pies, butter, beans, cheese, sour milk and buttermilk. 

Eat more freely : Lean beef or mutton not fried, chicken, turkey, 
dried beef, smoked salmon, fish in general, acid fruits such as apples, 
grapes, peaches, lemons, oranges, etc., lemon jelly, stale bread, 
toast, oatmeal, oatmeal and graham crackers, turnips, celery, lettuce, 
pickles, peas, cabbage, and skim milk. 



35 



ANTHROPOMETRIC RECORDS OF AMHERST COLLEGE. 



WEIGHT, 
HEIGHT, 



" Sternum, 
'' Navel, 
" Pubes, 
'' Knee, 
" Sitting, 
GIRTH, Head, 
Neck, 



Chest repose. 
Chest full. 
Belly, 
Hips, 
Thighs, 
Knees, 
Calves, 
Insteps, 
Upper Arms, 
U.R. A. Contracted, 
Elbows, 
Forearms, 
Wrists, 
BREADTH, Head, 

Neck, 

Shoulders, 

Nipples, 

Waist, 

Hips, 

ShoulderElbows, 

Elbow Tips, 
LENGTH, Feet, 
STRETCH OF ARMS, 
HORIZONTAL LENGTH, 

STRENGTH of Lungs, 
Back, 

Legs, 
Forearms, 

Chest dip, 
Chest pull up 

CAPACITY OF LUNGS, 
TOTAL STRENGTH, 



Millimetres, 


Pounds, 




Kilos, and 


Inches. 


HELD BY 


Litres. 






Kilos. 


Pounds. 




95.1 


209.6 


Jacobs '91 


M. m. 


Inches. 




1945 


76.58 


Gleason '68 


1610 


63.38 


Tower '93 


1234 


48.57 


Tower '93 


1008 


39.68 


Tower '93 


578 


22.76 


Ludington '91 


1010 


40.70 


Brown '92 


630 


^4.80 


Lewis '92 


420 


16.13 


Knight '91 


1095 


42.21 


Tourtelot '87 


1085 


42.71 


Scott, '92 


957 


37.77 


Moody '92 


1070 


42.13 


Harlow '87 


665 


25.74 


Jacobs '91 


436 


16.76 


Jacobs '91 


422 


16.21 


Jacobs '91 


290 


11.02 


Dole '89 


346 


13.62' 


Child '84 


400 


15.74 


Scott '92 


295 


11.61 


Allen '91 


320 


12.60 


Tourtelot '87 


189 


7.44 


Tufts '84 


174 


6.85 


Young '86 


131 


5.16 


Cody '89 


512 


20.15 


Allen '91 


257 


10.12 


Harlow '87 


315 


12.40 


Jacobs '91 


381 


14.99 


Jacobs '91 


435 


17.13 


Derby '89 


538 


21.18 


M. E. Page '86 


300 


11.81 


Hardy '87 


2068 


81.42 


M. E. Page '86 


1995 


78.54 


Gregg '92 


Kilos. 


Pounds. 




4.0 


8.80 


Evans '94 


295 


650.18 


Allen '91 


425 


936.96 


Gill '84 


74.50 


163.90 


Alexander '92 


No. of times 






32 




Daniels '90 


65 




H.H. Seelye'79 


Litres. 


Cub. in. 




6.18 


376.0 


Blodgett '93 


1058 




E. P. Smith '92 



i^.io.tlir'oiJoroLetr'ic {^ttjid^r of ttiL& Ssttjicie^irxtis of iVi^nta^er'fst Oollege. 

































The 


uppe 


r nguros 


epresent 


nilllmeters, kilograms and lit 


ers; 


the lower 


inches, ponnds and 


cnb 


c inches. 










































UElGHls 


Giitms 




BREADTHS. 


LENGTHS. 


STRENGTHS. 


oi 

1 


g 


^ 


% 


A. 


3 




1 


X 


1 


_A 


ll 


1 
1 


_! 


a 


A. 


1 
1 


S 

A 


1 
_1 


s 
1 


i 


1 


1 


i 




_l 


1 
1 


1 


g 
1 

1 


1 
1 

! 


1 




1 


§ 


1 


1 


1 


i 


1 




1' 

1 


( 


1 
1 


1 
1_ 


i 
1 


P 


J 


i 


1 


J. 


1 


-g- 


i 
1 

2 


1 


ii 









1 TABLE OF THE AVERAGE STUDENT. 








1 


j 






40^3)0 18 lo2'^ll Hr ar , 28 3o 1 '03202 


142 141141137 JG 9 6 110 10 110 3 8 7 |lO o 10 J Go Oo 61 4 2I 10 9 1 7.8 9.8 12.7 H.t! 14.6 18.118°1 |l0.2 lo'!2 70 1 68 2 ^j 302 


-^^^ 


41 
90 


138 

84 


3.77 i 
230 


1798-8- 








2 TABLE OF THE STUDENT 21 YEARS OLD. ' 












Ubs 


1 20 140 
(, J 6o3 


102o 804 4 7 loa „2 M 8J2 Iu3 7'o 8JS 21 oil 
40 4 34 18 7 Jo 2'' o U Jo 1 3( 7 2S o o 1 20 o 20 4 


14 114 11J81J7 )( 3611^103102100 9 s 10 6 10 2 0o65 01145169 7.9 10.1 12.9 14.7 14.7 18.1 18.1 10.3 10.2 70.6 G8.4 3.1 1 822, 


'»U71 


41 
90 


39 
86 


4.23 
268 


1326 


3 TABLE OF 1 HE STUDENT OF MEAN PROPORTIONS. ! ' i 




1 " !,t'S 




i(0 GO 1 J i,0 240 210 2)0 2G0 2o0 250 2oO 260 200 16o lOo lo4 110, 430 200 2S0 320 370 370 460 460,260 260 1770 1730 1.20' m 
14 - 14 2 14 1 1! S 9 4 J 4 11 1 10 2 9 8 9 8 9 8 10 8 10 2 o j 1 4 sl 16 J 7.9 9.8 12.fi 14.6 14.6 IS.l IS.l 10.2 10.2 69.7 68.1 2.6 331 


'" ' 380 


88 


82 


3.90 • 


.208G 


4 TABLE OF SO PER CENT MEASUREMENTS. ! 


Wo 6 


1,24 1410 
07 8 66 6 


102 1 804 471 10. ,( 1 Jol s8o i2o 730 s)i jl4 610 
40 ) 34 18 !o 1 22 4 IJ 8 14 8 31 1 '8 , Jt 1 20 ' '0 1 


3 J 3o) J47 345 242 241 2Jo 2,J 2j2 2o0 24, 202 2o6 I6o 103 lo3 108 433 1 190 1 263 325 373 371 461 459 200 260 1789 1739 1.40: 139 
14 2 14 2 13 7 13 6 15 J o 11 10 2 9 9 9 8 9 7 10 3 10 1 G 6 4 (0 4 2 17 7 7 10 12 8 14 7 14 6 IS 1 18 1 10 2 10 2 70 4 08 4 3 1 306 


373 


To 


37 4 
S2 


B3 3.89 
237 ' 


12230 



] [ ] S TABLE OF AGES 








lOyc.JesW^ 1710'141o l^ins 8(0 48(1 SbS oO' 144 8oh S .7 ^0 So4 <> 498 J , 1.^ J42 19 242 41 >, ) 2oO 240 24o 240 2 3 49 1(0 IM 164 100 411 188 240 320 r4 3 4(0 40'_ 203 203 1781 17JJ 1_31 130 4 s 1 1 1 111 'ir M7 tO 


" li]o2 1,'" 'Vi V,' i'i"it-, j"" 1 nt '^ jVi sl ^7 iTsiTs h'i ul nii"j o" /'ii\Vs9* ' ' ,(A, "'' V' Vt Vo \"l 1?° Ts ^% '2 7 iVr ifo SI il o km iTs roVil^^^ * M, ' ' ,' '" 


" llW2i ls2 "o'V^JI Vilt' ' /" n ", T) 19° 14 1 h" u' Ho j! 'n l,'4l',u. ''k Ts 


11 , 1 r 1 ( 1 s 19, 1,2 2 ' 3'! 3o 1 1 4(4 lf4' 2n X 1 1 91 1 47 1 42 IJo 5 11 1 1 1 11 . 220 
1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 n7 14M4 IS 18 10 1 103 05 (SS 1 20s lis 1 1 , -1 


U j(l 1 1,^JJ11413|10JO 8(,'4^ 1 HI8 14 10 1 3( 1 347 346 24( 14 1( ■s--'5">"2K 


1 


' J 1 ,' „ " l)12'sirU Ibl ll'l KM 10! 7o\ Is" 'aS' lu ' '" 308 m 82 "' ^''l ' '' "" 


'" I'l'sTl Wl\i*^i \"o\ s/'t 14 I , ( ( -, 1 I'l '' '* I'l' I'l" l"*" l"" '" * ,',", ll,- lo'l IJ 


' 


' 1 \ I "1 1' 1 11*11 I's 1' 1 1' ' '1 ' ' 


1 It. 7 10 17 4' 


S4 "' *26S " "'" 


" in' '(Wl"'( li" Vllt! .'\ 14 i'l"] 3''; 'M ' ',, H . 1' ' ' l(, ifi'llo'l,, 


, ' 


' 1 4' 1 '1 


'ill 11 'll i' ' 1' ' 1 ' 1 


396 97 




" 'ill' ' ' '"(' 4liV T\lHh o's ' 4 ll'l ('"!( '^4 21 ' '1 11 1 ' 1 ) ^ ' ,' ' ' 




' 1 '1 l"l 


' ' ' ' 


18( 17 


8 1 205 


23 1 1 111 1 1 M 4 1 118 o( ' i,s sjj 144 4) ) 1 1 II 

1 1) 13 118 ) 1 7 1 11 1 54 87 1 r' II 1 11 11 1 II , 1 




' ' ' 1 ' / 


1 1 1 


8 1(1 1 45 1 8 477 1 1 2 ,11 71) 
1S( 9) S4 201 


II n 14 no "( 14 13( 01 8 ,i(J2 11 11 1 II II ' , ' 1 11 1 




111 1 11 


i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1' I 1 




88 ""' y? ""' '" 






1 1 1 11 11 


1 11 ' ' ' 1 






_^li ' ' " '11" III' ('1 ''l'llMl"!t"4'2/'.("("t, 'i;2V3ll.'ll''2'l'8 1 .' ,' ' , 




1 1 ' ' ' ! 1 1 1' 


,,',,' / 1 '"' 'n ' ' \lr. 95 


J '" 271 '"'l.'o 



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